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Menstruation, also known as the menstrual cycle, period, or menses, is a normal and essential part of a woman’s life, though it is often surrounded by doubts and misunderstandings. The menstrual cycle refers to the monthly changes a female body undergoes to get ready for a potential pregnancy.
Monitoring this cycle can offer valuable insights into your overall health, especially when tracked consistently. This article explores the menstrual cycle in detail, explains how to predict your next period, highlights early signs of menstruation, discusses common causes of irregular cycles, and shares key facts every woman should be aware of.
The menstrual cycle is the monthly process through which the body prepares for possible pregnancy. During this cycle, the pituitary gland and the ovaries release specific hormones at different stages. These hormones stimulate the uterine lining to thicken, creating a suitable environment for implantation if fertilization occurs.
They also trigger the release of an egg from the ovaries, which travels through the fallopian tube and waits for sperm. If fertilization does not happen and pregnancy does not occur, the egg disintegrates along with the thickened uterine lining, which is then shed from the body. This natural process is known as menstruation or a menstrual period.
Follicular Phase
Slightly overlapping with menstruation, the follicular phase starts on the first day of your period and continues for about 13 days. During this phase, the hypothalamus sends signals to the pituitary gland to release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). This hormone prompts the ovaries to develop several tiny fluid-filled sacs known as follicles, each containing an immature egg. Over time, one dominant follicle becomes fully mature, while the remaining follicles are naturally absorbed by the body. As the dominant follicle matures, estrogen levels rise, causing the uterine lining to thicken and prepare a nourishing environment to support a potential embryo.
Ovulation Phase
A rise in estrogen levels signals the pituitary gland to release luteinizing hormone (LH), which triggers the ovulation phase. Ovulation occurs when the ovary releases a fully developed egg, which then travels and waits to be fertilized by sperm.
In a typical 28-day menstrual cycle, ovulation usually takes place around Day 14, right at the midpoint of the cycle, and lasts for approximately 24 hours. If your cycle length is irregular, using a period or ovulation calculator can help identify your most likely ovulation day more accurately.
Luteal Phase
In a typical 28-day menstrual cycle, the luteal phase occurs from Day 15 to Day 28. After ovulation, if pregnancy takes place, the body begins producing human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)—the hormone detected by pregnancy tests. If pregnancy does not occur, levels of estrogen and progesterone decline, which leads to the shedding of the uterine lining and the start of the next menstrual period.
Whether you are planning a pregnancy or simply want to know if your menstrual cycle is regular, tracking it is essential. Using a period calculator allows you to monitor your cycle and identify which phase you are in at any point during the month. Today, period calculators are easily available online and offer a convenient way to estimate your next period. Another method is to calculate your cycle length manually.
The menstrual cycle begins on the first day of menstruation and continues until the first day of the next period. On average, a cycle lasts between 24 and 38 days. However, cycle length can differ from one woman to another and may also change from month to month due to factors such as seasonal changes, diet, stress, mental well-being, and underlying health conditions.
Women with hormonal imbalances or medical conditions such as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) may experience irregular menstrual cycles more frequently. If you notice ongoing changes or disruptions in your usual cycle pattern, it is advisable to consult a gynecologist to determine the most appropriate care and treatment options.
Breast Tenderness : Hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle can cause breast sensitivity and discomfort.
Mood Swings : Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) may lead to emotional and physical changes such as irritability, food cravings, anxiety, and in severe cases, depression.
Bloating : A drop in progesterone levels can cause water retention, leading to bloating before menstruation.
Acne : Hormonal fluctuations may trigger acne, commonly appearing as red bumps on the lower face and usually improving after menstruation.
Cramps : Menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea) occur before or during periods as the uterus contracts to shed its lining.
Vaginal Discharge : Increased progesterone levels may cause cloudy or white vaginal discharge before menstruation.
Pregnancy : Home pregnancy tests can help confirm whether you are pregnant.
Stress : Chronic stress can disrupt hormonal balance; practicing relaxation techniques may help.
Weight Changes : Sudden weight gain or weight loss can delay periods. Consult a doctor or nutritionist if needed.
Medical Conditions & Medications : Health conditions such as PCOS, diabetes, and thyroid disorders, along with certain medications, can affect the menstrual cycle.
Menopause : Menopause usually occurs between the ages of 45 and 55. Early menopause (primary ovarian insufficiency) may begin as early as 40.
Perimenopause : Delayed or irregular periods before menopause are known as perimenopause and typically start in women in their 40s.
Dr. Lavanyaa T – MBBS, DGO, DNB (OBG) Consultant Obstetrician & Gynecologist Trusted Women’s Healthcare 18+ Years of Experience
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